Landscape Visual Impact Evaluation for Onshore Wind Farm: A Case Study

Wind energy is an effective solution for achieving the carbon-neutrality target and mitigating climate change. The expansion of onshore wind evokes extensive attention to environmental impact in locality. landscape visual has become critical reason local protest. This paper proposed a evaluation (LVIE) model that combines theoretical framework practical solutions optimizes farm planning procedures. Based on research connotation, principles, criteria, quantitative indicator set constructed LVIE with three dimensions: sensitivity, WTs, viewer exposure. practicality this conducted through multi-criteria GIS analysis by case study Friedrich-Wilhelm Raiffeisen Farm Germany. results illustrate detailed, visualized outcomes are deeply combined innovation refine form results, optimize procedures planning, enable cooperation between different departments stakeholders definite, visible, user-friendly results. provides precise comparison opportunities projects or same project at periods obtain conclusions feedback information. enhances accurate processing multiple information standardization process evaluation.